Study Links Early Dating Apps to Rise in Campus Hookups, Not Dates
A study published in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics finds that the arrival of mobile dating apps on U.S. college campuses was associated with a substantial increase in sexual activity among students, without a corresponding rise in committed relationships.
Economists Berkeren Büyükeren, Alexey Makarin and Heyu Xiong examined the effects of platforms such as Tinder, which launched its swipe-based interface in 2013 and initially targeted universities through fraternities and sororities. Brand ambassadors and subsidised parties helped seed dense networks of early users on campuses with strong Greek life. The researchers treated this targeted rollout as a natural experiment, comparing outcomes for Greek-affiliated students with those of their non-affiliated peers before and after summer 2013.
They analysed responses from the National College Health Assessment, covering 1.1 million full-time undergraduates surveyed between 2008 and 2019. Supporting evidence came from more than 700,000 college newspaper articles, national search trends and anonymous cell-phone location data tied to university postal codes. These sources confirmed faster and heavier early adoption in areas with active fraternity and sorority networks.
After 2013, Greek-affiliated students reported a clear rise in the average number of sexual partners and were several percentage points more likely to have had sex in the past month. The same data showed no increase in the share of students in stable romantic relationships or living with a partner, and no meaningful change in reports of relationship difficulties.
The distribution of sexual encounters shifted outward, producing a “superstar” effect in which a smaller group of users, particularly men, accounted for a disproportionate share of matches. Physical risks also rose. Reports of sexual assault increased by two percentage points against a baseline of roughly nine percent. Testing for HIV rose by more than one percentage point, alongside higher rates of bacterial infections such as chlamydia. The authors note that the testing increase may partly reflect greater awareness of exposure rather than solely higher infection rates.
Average mental-health scores did not deteriorate. Among Greek-affiliated students, and especially women, the data showed slight improvements on several indicators, including lower rates of severe depression, intentional self-harm and eating disorders. The researchers suggest that increased romantic attention may have provided a temporary confidence boost for some.
The study relies on anonymous self-reported survey data, which carries the usual risk of response bias. Some spillover adoption occurred among non-Greek students, yet core patterns in sexual activity remained consistent when broader campus usage was accounted for. The authors observe that mobile apps lowered search costs and reduced the friction of in-person meeting, consistent with economic models of matching markets.
This study was focused on the earlier years of mobile device dating apps being widely accessible, meaning that the data itself won’t apply 1:1 with modern trends. Even so, it hints that early dating apps struggle to form long-term relationships between users – something that may be currently reflected in how more and more users are seeking intentional and carefully considered relationships, and how dating apps are having to adapt themselves to facilitate those matches.
